In the year before Apple introduced the first iPhone over 300 phones were introduced by mobile phone companies

Companies which had been making cell phones for many years, and which were experts on cell phones and how consumers wanted them, introduced over 300 new phones in the year before Apple introduced the iPhone. Yet, none succeeded nearly like the iPhone. What price "industry experience?"

As with the rescue of IBM, it took an industry outsider to really make the needed changes. If someone has grown up in an industry or company, it is rare for them to change what is needed. A.G. Laffley of Procter & Gamble has done so, but the company has a culture of constant re-invention, where managers are rewarded for innovation.